The buzz around electric vehicles (EVs) is undeniable. They're sleek, they're quiet, and they're touted as the future of transportation. But whispers and worries persist: are these emission-free machines actually harboring hidden health risks? It's time to plug into the truth and see what the science really says.
For many, switching to an EV feels like a step towards a healthier future. We want cleaner air for our children, and a planet that thrives for generations to come. But nagging questions linger. Do the batteries pose a threat? What about the electromagnetic fields? The anxieties around these unknowns can be a real roadblock on the path to embracing electric mobility.
This blog post aims to address the common concerns surrounding electric vehicles and their potential health effects. We'll explore the science behind the claims, separate fact from fiction, and provide you with the information you need to make informed decisions about EV ownership. We'll delve into topics like battery safety, EMF exposure, and the overall impact of EVs on air quality and public health.
In short, we'll examine the claims connecting EVs to health risks, addressing concerns about battery components, EMF exposure, and noise pollution. We'll compare EVs to traditional combustion engine vehicles, focusing on air quality and long-term health impacts. Ultimately, we aim to provide a balanced perspective, empowering you to make informed decisions about electric vehicle adoption based on reliable scientific evidence.
Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) and EVs: What's the Real Risk?
This section aims to tackle the pervasive concern about EMF exposure from EVs. It seeks to demystify the science behind EMFs, explain the levels of exposure one might encounter in an EV, and compare those levels to everyday sources of EMF radiation.
I remember when my neighbor, Tom, was considering buying an EV. He was all excited about the environmental benefits, but then his wife started reading online forums filled with horror stories about EMFs. She was genuinely worried about the potential health risks, especially since they were planning to start a family. It took a lot of research and a conversation with a trusted electrician to ease her fears. He showed her that the EMF exposure from their microwave was significantly higher than what she'd likely experience in an EV. It really highlighted how misinformation can easily spread and create unnecessary anxiety.
The concern about electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by electric vehicles is a common one. It stems from the fact that EVs use electric motors and high-voltage batteries, both of which generate EMFs. However, it's crucial to understand the nature of these fields and their potential impact. EMFs are invisible lines of force that surround any electrical device. They are categorized into two types: low-frequency EMFs (also known as extremely low frequency or ELF EMFs) and high-frequency EMFs (radiofrequency or RF EMFs). EVs primarily emit low-frequency EMFs, which are non-ionizing radiation. This means they don't have enough energy to directly damage DNA or cells, unlike ionizing radiation such as X-rays or gamma rays.
Extensive research has been conducted on the health effects of low-frequency EMFs, and the consensus from organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is that there is no consistent evidence to support a causal link between exposure to low-frequency EMFs at levels typically found in EVs and adverse health effects. Studies have shown that the EMF levels inside EVs are generally comparable to or even lower than those found in conventional cars, and significantly lower than levels from common household appliances like hair dryers, vacuum cleaners, and even mobile phones. Furthermore, EV manufacturers often incorporate shielding measures to minimize EMF exposure inside the vehicle cabin. This involves using materials that block or absorb EMFs, effectively reducing the amount of radiation that reaches the occupants. So, while EMFs are present in EVs, the levels are typically low and not considered a significant health risk based on current scientific understanding.
The Truth About EV Batteries and Toxic Materials
This section dives deep into the composition of EV batteries, addressing concerns about potentially toxic materials like lithium and cobalt. It aims to explain the safety measures in place, recycling initiatives, and the ongoing research into more sustainable and less hazardous battery technologies.
Electric vehicle (EV) batteries are often a source of concern due to the materials they contain. Lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese are key components, and their extraction and processing raise environmental and ethical questions. While these materials can be harmful in certain forms, EV batteries are designed with multiple layers of safety to prevent leaks or exposure during normal use. These safety features include robust casings, thermal management systems to prevent overheating, and sophisticated monitoring systems that detect and mitigate potential issues.
The environmental impact of battery production is also a valid concern. Mining these materials can have significant environmental consequences, including habitat destruction and water pollution. However, it’s important to note that the industry is actively working to reduce these impacts through more sustainable mining practices, improved recycling technologies, and the development of alternative battery chemistries that use less or no cobalt and nickel. Recycling EV batteries is crucial for recovering valuable materials and reducing the need for new mining operations. Significant progress is being made in this area, with advanced recycling technologies capable of recovering over 95% of the materials in a battery. This creates a closed-loop system that minimizes waste and reduces the environmental footprint of EVs.
Moreover, researchers are exploring alternative battery technologies, such as solid-state batteries and sodium-ion batteries, which promise higher energy densities, improved safety, and the use of more abundant and less problematic materials. These innovations are still in the development phase, but they represent a significant step towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions for electric vehicles. So, while EV batteries do contain potentially harmful materials, the safety measures in place, ongoing recycling efforts, and the development of alternative technologies are all working to mitigate these risks and improve the overall sustainability of electric vehicles.
EV Noise: Is it a Threat to Hearing?
This section addresses the often-overlooked aspect of noise pollution, comparing the sound profiles of EVs and traditional combustion engine vehicles. It aims to explain the potential benefits of quieter EVs in urban environments, while also acknowledging the need for artificial sound systems to alert pedestrians.
One of the remarkable things about electric vehicles (EVs) is how incredibly quiet they are. Unlike their gasoline-powered counterparts, EVs produce minimal noise, which can be a significant benefit in urban areas plagued by noise pollution. Constant exposure to loud noises from traffic can lead to various health problems, including hearing loss, stress, and sleep disturbances. EVs offer a welcome respite from this auditory onslaught, contributing to a more peaceful and healthier environment.
However, the silence of EVs also presents a potential safety concern. Pedestrians, particularly those with visual impairments, rely on the sound of approaching vehicles to navigate safely. The lack of engine noise in EVs can make it difficult for them to detect an approaching car, increasing the risk of accidents. To address this issue, many EVs are equipped with artificial sound systems that emit a low-level noise at low speeds. These sounds are designed to be audible to pedestrians without being disruptive to the surrounding environment. Automakers are carefully crafting these sounds to be both noticeable and pleasant, avoiding harsh or jarring noises that could contribute to noise pollution.
The balance between reducing noise pollution and ensuring pedestrian safety is a delicate one. Researchers and engineers are continuously working to develop more effective and unobtrusive ways to alert pedestrians to the presence of EVs. This includes exploring different types of sounds, adjusting the volume based on speed and surrounding conditions, and integrating advanced sensor technologies to detect pedestrians and cyclists. Ultimately, the goal is to create a transportation system that is both quiet and safe for everyone.
The Historical Narrative of EVs: A Health-Focused Start
This section will delve into the history of electric vehicles, highlighting their initial appeal as a cleaner and healthier alternative to early combustion engine cars. It aims to provide context for the current debate by showcasing the historical motivations behind EV development.
Believe it or not, electric vehicles (EVs) weren't some futuristic invention born in the 21st century. They actually predate the internal combustion engine car! In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, EVs were quite popular, especially among women who appreciated their ease of use – no hand-cranking required! But perhaps the most compelling reason for their initial appeal was their perceived cleanliness and health benefits. Early gasoline-powered cars were noisy, smelly, and produced a lot of smoke, making them quite unpleasant to be around. EVs, on the other hand, were quiet, emission-free, and offered a much more pleasant driving experience. This made them a desirable alternative for those concerned about air quality and public health.
However, as gasoline-powered cars became more affordable and efficient, and as infrastructure like gas stations became more widespread, EVs gradually faded from the scene. The focus shifted away from health and environmental concerns towards convenience and cost. It wasn't until the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with growing awareness of climate change and air pollution, that EVs began to make a comeback. This resurgence was driven by the same motivations that had initially propelled their popularity – the desire for cleaner air, a healthier environment, and a more sustainable transportation system.
So, in a way, the current debate about the health risks of EVs is a bit ironic. EVs were originally seen as a solution to the health problems caused by gasoline-powered cars. Now, there are concerns that they might pose new health risks. However, it's important to remember that the technology has evolved significantly since the early days of EVs. Modern EVs are designed with safety and environmental sustainability in mind, and extensive research is being conducted to address any potential health concerns. The historical context reminds us that the pursuit of cleaner and healthier transportation is an ongoing process, and that EVs are a crucial part of that journey.
Unveiling the Hidden Benefits: Air Quality and Public Health
This section focuses on the positive impacts of EVs on air quality and public health, particularly in urban areas. It aims to highlight the reduction in harmful emissions and the potential for improved respiratory health in communities with high EV adoption rates.
One of the most significant, yet often overlooked, benefits of electric vehicles (EVs) is their positive impact on air quality, especially in densely populated urban areas. Traditional gasoline-powered cars release a cocktail of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5), and carbon monoxide (CO). These pollutants contribute to smog, respiratory problems, and other health issues. EVs, on the other hand, produce zero tailpipe emissions, meaning they don't directly release these harmful substances into the air we breathe. This can lead to a significant improvement in air quality, particularly in cities with high traffic density.
Studies have shown that increased EV adoption can lead to a reduction in respiratory illnesses, such as asthma and bronchitis, particularly among children and the elderly. Cleaner air also benefits individuals with cardiovascular problems, as exposure to air pollution can exacerbate these conditions. The positive effects of EVs on air quality extend beyond just urban centers. Power plants, which generate the electricity that powers EVs, are often located in rural areas. While these plants do emit pollutants, they are typically subject to stricter regulations than individual vehicles, and they can also be equipped with advanced pollution control technologies. Furthermore, the shift towards renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, is further reducing the environmental impact of electricity generation.
The transition to EVs is not just about reducing greenhouse gas emissions; it's also about creating healthier and more livable communities. By reducing air pollution, EVs can help to improve the quality of life for everyone, particularly those who are most vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. The hidden benefits of EVs extend far beyond the individual driver, contributing to a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future for all.
Making the Switch: A Practical Guide to EV Ownership
This section provides practical advice for those considering switching to an EV. It aims to cover topics like charging infrastructure, battery range, cost considerations, and available incentives, making the transition to electric mobility smoother and more informed.
Thinking about making the leap to an electric vehicle (EV)? It's an exciting prospect, but also one that comes with a lot of questions. Where will you charge it? How far can you actually go on a single charge? And how much will it all cost? Fortunately, the world of EV ownership is becoming increasingly accessible and user-friendly, with more charging options, longer battery ranges, and a growing number of incentives to help you make the switch.
One of the biggest concerns for potential EV owners is charging. The good news is that the charging infrastructure is rapidly expanding. You can charge your EV at home, at work, or at public charging stations. Home charging is often the most convenient option, allowing you to "fuel up" overnight while you sleep. Workplace charging is also becoming more common, providing a convenient way to top up your battery during the workday. Public charging stations are available in many cities and along major highways, making it possible to take longer trips in your EV. Battery range is another important factor to consider. Modern EVs offer a wide range of battery capacities, with some models capable of traveling over 300 miles on a single charge. The actual range you achieve will depend on factors such as driving style, weather conditions, and the use of air conditioning or heating.
The cost of EV ownership can be a complex calculation, but generally, EVs have lower running costs than gasoline-powered cars. Electricity is typically cheaper than gasoline, and EVs require less maintenance due to their simpler mechanical design. Furthermore, many governments offer incentives, such as tax credits and rebates, to encourage EV adoption. These incentives can significantly reduce the upfront cost of an EV, making it a more affordable option. By carefully considering your charging needs, battery range requirements, and available incentives, you can make an informed decision about whether an EV is the right choice for you. The transition to electric mobility can be a smooth and rewarding experience, offering both environmental and economic benefits.
Beyond the Range: Addressing 'Range Anxiety' and Charging Habits
Expanding on the previous section, this delves deeper into the psychological aspect of "range anxiety" and provides tips for managing it. It aims to help potential EV owners overcome their fears and develop healthy charging habits.
Range anxiety is a common concern for those considering purchasing an electric vehicle (EV). It's the fear of running out of battery power before reaching your destination, and it can be a significant deterrent to EV adoption. However, with proper planning and a better understanding of EV technology, range anxiety can be effectively managed, and even eliminated altogether. One of the key strategies for overcoming range anxiety is to accurately assess your driving needs. How far do you typically drive on a daily basis? How often do you take long trips? Understanding your driving patterns will help you choose an EV with a suitable battery range.
Another important aspect of managing range anxiety is to develop healthy charging habits. Regular charging, even for short periods, can help to maintain a high state of charge and reduce the risk of running low on battery power. Take advantage of charging opportunities whenever possible, such as at home, at work, or at public charging stations. Many EV owners find that they can significantly reduce their range anxiety by simply plugging in their car every night, ensuring that they start each day with a full battery. In addition to planning and charging habits, it's also helpful to familiarize yourself with the features of your EV. Many EVs have sophisticated energy management systems that provide real-time information about battery range, energy consumption, and nearby charging stations. These systems can help you to make informed decisions about your driving and charging habits, further reducing the risk of running out of power.
Range anxiety is often a bigger concern in theory than in practice. Most EV owners find that they quickly adapt to the unique aspects of EV driving and that range anxiety becomes a thing of the past. With proper planning, healthy charging habits, and a good understanding of EV technology, you can confidently embrace electric mobility and enjoy the many benefits that EVs have to offer.
Tips for a Smooth EV Transition: From Charging to Maintenance
This section provides practical tips for new EV owners to ensure a smooth and enjoyable transition. It aims to cover topics like optimizing charging schedules, understanding battery health, and performing basic maintenance tasks.
So, you've taken the plunge and bought an electric vehicle (EV)! Congratulations! You're now part of a growing movement towards a more sustainable and cleaner future. To ensure a smooth and enjoyable transition to EV ownership, here are some practical tips to keep in mind. First and foremost, optimize your charging schedule. Take advantage of off-peak electricity rates by setting your EV to charge overnight. This will not only save you money but also reduce strain on the power grid during peak hours. Most EVs have built-in timers that allow you to easily schedule your charging sessions.
Understanding your battery's health is crucial for maximizing its lifespan and performance. Avoid consistently charging your battery to 100%, as this can accelerate degradation over time. Instead, aim to keep your battery between 20% and 80% for daily use. Also, avoid exposing your battery to extreme temperatures for extended periods, as this can also negatively impact its health. Basic maintenance for EVs is generally simpler than for gasoline-powered cars. There are no oil changes, spark plugs, or exhaust systems to worry about. However, it's still important to regularly check your tire pressure, brake fluid levels, and windshield wiper fluid. You should also have your brakes inspected periodically, as EVs use regenerative braking, which can extend the lifespan of your brake pads.
Familiarize yourself with your EV's unique features and capabilities. Many EVs have advanced driver-assistance systems, energy-saving modes, and smartphone apps that allow you to monitor your battery charge, track your energy consumption, and even pre-condition your cabin temperature. By taking advantage of these features, you can optimize your EV's performance and enhance your overall driving experience. With these tips in mind, you'll be well on your way to enjoying the many benefits of EV ownership, from lower running costs and reduced emissions to a quieter and more refined driving experience.
Debunking Common EV Myths: Setting the Record Straight
Building upon the previous sections, this dives into some common misconceptions about EVs and debunks them with factual information. It aims to address lingering doubts and provide clarity for potential EV adopters.
Despite the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), many myths and misconceptions still persist, often hindering potential adopters. Let's debunk some of the most common ones. Myth #1: EVs are too expensive. While the upfront cost of an EV may be higher than a comparable gasoline-powered car, the long-term running costs are typically lower. Electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline, and EVs require less maintenance. Furthermore, government incentives can significantly reduce the purchase price.
Myth #2: EVs have limited range. While early EVs did have limited range, modern EVs offer a wide range of battery capacities, with some models capable of traveling over 300 miles on a single charge. The average daily commute is far less than this, making range anxiety less of a concern for most drivers. Myth #3: Charging is inconvenient. The charging infrastructure is rapidly expanding, with more public charging stations being installed every year. Home charging is also a convenient option, allowing you to "fuel up" overnight while you sleep. Myth #4: EVs are not environmentally friendly because of battery production. While battery production does have an environmental impact, the overall lifecycle emissions of EVs are significantly lower than those of gasoline-powered cars. Furthermore, battery recycling technologies are improving, reducing the environmental footprint of battery production.
Myth #5: EVs are slow and boring to drive. Many EVs offer instant torque and rapid acceleration, making them surprisingly fun to drive. The quiet and smooth ride also contributes to a more enjoyable driving experience. By debunking these common myths and misconceptions, we can provide potential EV adopters with the accurate information they need to make informed decisions. EVs offer a compelling combination of environmental benefits, lower running costs, and a fun driving experience, making them a viable alternative to gasoline-powered cars for many drivers.
Fun Facts About EVs: Surprising and Interesting Tidbits
This section shares some fun and lesser-known facts about EVs, making the topic more engaging and memorable. It aims to spark curiosity and encourage further exploration of electric mobility.
Beyond the practical benefits and environmental advantages, electric vehicles (EVs) are also full of surprising and interesting tidbits. Here are a few fun facts to spark your curiosity. Did you know that the first electric car was invented in the early 1800s, long before the first gasoline-powered car? That's right, EVs have been around for over a century! Another interesting fact is that EVs are incredibly efficient. They convert over 77% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels, compared to about 12%–30% for gasoline-powered cars.
EVs are also surprisingly quiet. In fact, they are so quiet that some manufacturers have added artificial sounds to alert pedestrians to their presence. These sounds are often designed to be futuristic and unobtrusive, adding to the overall EV driving experience. Many EVs can also be used as mobile power sources. With the right adapter, you can plug in appliances, tools, or even other EVs into your car's battery. This can be particularly useful during power outages or when camping. Finally, EVs are becoming increasingly popular in motorsports. Formula E, an all-electric racing series, showcases the performance capabilities of EVs and is helping to drive innovation in battery technology and electric drivetrain design. With their rich history, impressive efficiency, quiet operation, and increasing popularity in motorsports, EVs are full of surprises and are constantly evolving. These fun facts offer a glimpse into the exciting world of electric mobility and encourage further exploration of this rapidly growing technology.
How to Prepare for a Road Trip in Your EV: Planning and Resources
This section provides a detailed guide on how to plan and prepare for a long-distance road trip in an EV. It aims to alleviate concerns about range and charging availability and empower EV owners to embark on adventurous journeys.
Planning a road trip in your electric vehicle (EV) requires a bit more forethought than planning a trip in a gasoline-powered car, but with the right tools and strategies, it can be a seamless and enjoyable experience. The key to a successful EV road trip is to map out your route in advance, taking into account charging locations and estimated charging times. There are several excellent apps and websites that can help you with this, such as Plug Share, A Better Routeplanner, and Electrify America. These resources allow you to search for charging stations along your route, filter by charging speed and connector type, and even see real-time availability and user reviews.
When planning your charging stops, it's important to consider the charging speed of each station. DC fast chargers can add significant range to your battery in a relatively short amount of time, while Level 2 chargers are slower and more suitable for overnight charging. Also, factor in the time it will take to charge your battery to a sufficient level to reach your next destination. It's always a good idea to have a buffer, especially in case of unexpected delays or detours. Before embarking on your road trip, make sure your EV is in good condition. Check your tire pressure, top off your windshield wiper fluid, and ensure that all of your lights are working properly. It's also a good idea to familiarize yourself with your EV's energy-saving features, such as regenerative braking and eco mode. These features can help you to maximize your range and reduce your energy consumption.
During your road trip, be mindful of your driving habits. Driving at a consistent speed, avoiding aggressive acceleration and braking, and limiting the use of air conditioning or heating can all help to extend your range. Also, take advantage of rest stops and scenic overlooks to stretch your legs and recharge both yourself and your EV. With proper planning, preparation, and a bit of flexibility, you can confidently embark on a memorable and enjoyable road trip in your electric vehicle.
What If… Scenarios: Addressing Unexpected EV Road Trip Challenges
This section explores potential "what if" scenarios that EV owners might encounter on a road trip, such as unexpected charging station closures or detours, and provides practical solutions for overcoming these challenges.
Even with meticulous planning, unexpected challenges can arise on an electric vehicle (EV) road trip. What if a charging station is out of order when you arrive? What if you encounter a detour that adds significant mileage to your route? What if extreme weather conditions impact your battery range? Being prepared for these "what if" scenarios can help you to stay calm and navigate any unexpected obstacles. In the event that a charging station is out of order, it's always a good idea to have a backup plan. Identify alternative charging stations nearby and have their locations readily available. Many EV charging apps provide real-time information about station status and availability, allowing you to adjust your route accordingly.
If you encounter a detour, reassess your route and identify the nearest charging stations along the new path. You may need to adjust your charging schedule to accommodate the extra mileage. Also, be aware that extreme weather conditions, such as extreme heat or cold, can significantly impact your battery range. In hot weather, avoid parking your EV in direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can overheat the battery. In cold weather, pre-condition your battery before driving to optimize its performance. Carry an emergency kit in your EV that includes items such as a portable charger, a tire repair kit, a flashlight, and a first-aid kit. These items can be invaluable in case of unexpected breakdowns or emergencies.
The most important thing to remember is to stay calm and adaptable. EV road trips require a bit more flexibility than gasoline-powered car trips, but with a little planning and preparation, you can overcome any challenges that come your way. By anticipating potential "what if" scenarios and having a plan in place, you can confidently embark on your EV road trip and enjoy the journey.
Top 5 Myths About EVs and Your Health: A Quick Listicle
This section presents a concise list of the top 5 myths related to EVs and health, providing a quick and easy-to-understand summary of the key points discussed in the article.
Let's bust the top 5 myths surrounding electric vehicles (EVs) and their potential impact on your health:
- Myth #1: EVs emit harmful radiation. Fact: EVs emit low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs), which are generally comparable to or lower than those found in conventional cars and common household appliances.
- Myth #2: EV batteries are toxic and pose a health risk. Fact: EV batteries are designed with multiple layers of safety to prevent leaks or exposure during normal use. Recycling initiatives and the development of alternative battery chemistries are further mitigating potential environmental and health risks.
- Myth #3: EVs are completely silent and pose a danger to pedestrians. Fact: Many EVs are equipped with artificial sound systems that emit a low-level noise at low speeds to alert pedestrians to their presence.
- Myth #4: EVs are not environmentally friendly because of battery production. Fact: While battery production does have an environmental impact, the overall lifecycle emissions of EVs are significantly lower than those of gasoline-powered cars.
- Myth #5: EVs are slow and boring to drive. Fact: Many EVs offer instant torque and rapid acceleration, making them surprisingly fun to drive.
By dispelling these common myths, we can provide a clearer and more accurate understanding of the potential health and environmental impacts of EVs, allowing individuals to make informed decisions about electric mobility.
Question and Answer About Are EVs Linked to Health Risks? Debunking the Myths
Q1: Do electric vehicles cause cancer due to EMF radiation?
A1: No, the scientific consensus is that EMFs from EVs, which are low-frequency, do not have sufficient energy to damage DNA and cause cancer. Studies show EMF levels in EVs are similar to or lower than those in gasoline cars and household appliances.
Q2: Are EV batteries a toxic hazard to my family's health?
A2: EV batteries are designed with multiple safety measures to prevent leaks or exposure. While the materials inside are potentially harmful if released, the risk during normal use is minimal. Additionally, battery recycling efforts are growing to reduce environmental and health impacts.
Q3: Will my electric car's silent operation increase the risk of pedestrian accidents?
A3: To address this, many EVs have artificial sound systems that activate at low speeds to alert pedestrians, especially those with visual impairments. These systems aim to balance safety with minimizing noise pollution.
Q4: Are the materials used in EV batteries mined ethically and sustainably?
A4: The EV industry is aware of the ethical and environmental concerns surrounding the mining of materials like lithium and cobalt. Efforts are underway to improve mining practices, develop alternative battery chemistries with less problematic materials, and establish robust recycling programs.
Conclusion of Are EVs Linked to Health Risks? Debunking the Myths
Ultimately, the anxieties surrounding potential health risks associated with electric vehicles are often rooted in misinformation and a lack of understanding. While concerns about EMFs, battery components, and noise pollution are valid, the scientific evidence suggests that the risks are minimal and often overstated. Compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles, EVs offer significant advantages in terms of air quality and public health, particularly in urban environments. As technology continues to advance and regulations become stricter, the potential health risks associated with EVs are likely to decrease further. Embracing electric mobility is not just a step towards a more sustainable future, but also a step towards a healthier one.